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41.
Sambit Das AK Gupta Biplab Bandyopadhyaya B Harish Darla Vivek Arya Mahesh Abhyankar Santosh Revankar 《Bioinformation》2021,17(3):413
It is of interest to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of vildagliptin as monotherapy and combination therapy of vildagliptin and metformin for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Indian settings. The study included patients with T2DM (aged >18 years) receiving vildagliptin monotherapy and vildagliptin in combination with metformin therapy of various strengths. Data related to demographics, risk factors, medical history, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and medical therapies were retrieved from medical records. Out of 9678 patients (median age, 52.0 years), 59.1% were men. A combination of vildagliptin and metformin (50/500 mg) was the most commonly used therapy (54.8%), and the median duration of therapy was 24.0 months. The predominant reason for selecting vildagliptin therapy was to improve HbA1c levels (87.8%). A total of 87.5% of patients required dosage up-titration. Vildagliptin therapy was used in patients with T2DM and associated complications (peripheral neuropathy, CAD, nephropathy, retinopathy, autonomous neuropathy, stroke/TIA, and peripheral artery disease). Among 5175 patients who experienced body weight changes, a majority of patients showed a loss of weight (68.6%). The target glycemic control was achieved in 95.3% of patients. The mean HbA1c levels were significantly decreased post-treatment (mean change: 1.34%; p<0.001). Adverse events were reported in 0.4% of patients. Physicians rated the majority of patients as good to excellent on the global evaluation of efficacy and tolerability scale (98.9%, each). Vildagliptin as monotherapy and combination therapy of vildagliptin and metformin was an effective therapy in reducing HbA1c helps in achieving target glycemic control, and was well tolerated in Indian patients with T2DM continuum. 相似文献
42.
The occurrence of a macroalgal bloom at eelgrass (Zostera capensis) sampling sites in the summer of 2014/2015 provided an opportunity to use underwater video cameras to monitor the possible effects of environmental change on fish diversity and abundance in the lower reaches of the Knysna Estuary. A General Linear Model (GLM) showed that there was a significant difference in the abundance of fish before and after an invasion of the sampling sites by the macroalga Ulva lactuca. The eelgrass bed fish abundance was more affected by the macroalgal bloom than the bare substratum fish abundance, with the Ulva impacting negatively on the relative abundance of Mugilidae in the former habitat. The hypothesis that macroalgal invasions have a negative effect on fish diversity and abundance is therefore supported by this preliminary study. 相似文献
43.
44.
We recently reported that bile salts play a role in the regulation of mucin
secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells. In this study we
have examined whether bile salts also influence mucin secretion by the
human epithelial colon cell line LS174T. Solutions of bile salts were
applied to monolayers of LS174T cells. Mucin secretion was quantified by
measuring the secretion of [3H]GlcNAc labeled glycoproteins. Both
unconjugated bile salts as well as taurine conjugated bile salts stimulated
mucin secretion by the colon cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Hydrophobic
bile salts were more potent stimulators than hydrophilic bile salts. Free
(unconjugated) bile salts were more stimulatory compared with their taurine
conjugated counterparts. Stimulation of mucin secretion by LS174T cells was
found to occur at much lower bile salt concentrations than in the
experiments with the dog gallbladder epithelial cells. The protein kinase C
activators PMA and PDB had no stimulatory effect on mucin secretion. We
conclude that mucin secretion by the human colon epithelial cell line
LS174T is regulated by bile salts. We suggest that regulation of mucin
secretion by bile salts might be a common mechanism, by which different
epithelia protect themselves against the detergent action of bile salts, to
which they are exposed throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
相似文献
45.
Molecular cloning and characterization of an alpha1,3 fucosyltransferase, CEFT-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
We report on the identification, molecular cloning, and characterization of
an alpha1,3 fucosyltransferase (alpha1,3FT) expressed by the nematode,
Caenorhabditis elegans . Although C. elegans glycoconjugates do not express
the Lewis x antigen Galbeta1-- >4[Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAcbeta-->R,
detergent extracts of adult C.elegans contain an alpha1,3FT that can
fucosylate both nonsialylated and sialylated acceptor glycans to generate
the Lexand sialyl Lexantigens, as well as the lacdiNAc-containing acceptor
GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-- >R to generate GalNAcbeta1-->4
[Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAcbeta1-->R. A search of the C.elegans genome
database revealed the existence of a gene with 20-23% overall identity to
all five cloned human alpha1,3FTs. The putative cDNA for the C.elegans
alpha1,3FT (CEFT-1) was amplified by PCR from a cDNA lambdaZAP library,
cloned, and sequenced. COS7 cells transiently transfected with cDNA
encoding CEFT-1 express the Lex, but not sLexantigen. The CEFT-1 in the
transfected cell extracts can synthesize Lex, but not sialyl Lex, using
exogenous acceptors. A second fucosyltransferase activity was detected in
extracts of C. elegans that transfers Fuc in alpha1,2 linkage to Gal
specifically on type-1 chains. The discovery of alpha-fucosyltransferases
in C. elegans opens the possibility of using this well-characterized
nematode as a model system for studying the role of fucosylated glycans in
the development and survival of C.elegans and possibly other helminths.
相似文献
46.
A codon-based model designed to describe lentiviral evolution 总被引:7,自引:6,他引:1
47.
Evolutionary relationships of human populations on a global scale 总被引:28,自引:2,他引:26
Using gene frequency data for 29 polymorphic loci (121 alleles), we
conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 26 representative populations from
around the world by using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. We also
conducted a separate analysis of 15 populations by using data for 33
polymorphic loci. These analyses have shown that the first major split of
the phylogenetic tree separates Africans from non-Africans and that this
split occurs with a 100% bootstrap probability. The second split separates
Caucasian populations from all other non-African populations, and this
split is also supported by bootstrap tests. The third major split occurs
between Native American populations and the Greater Asians that include
East Asians (mongoloids), Pacific Islanders, and Australopapuans (native
Australians and Papua New Guineans), but Australopapuans are genetically
quite different from the rest of the Greater Asians. The second and third
levels of population splitting are quite different from those of the
phylogenetic tree obtained by Cavalli- Sforza et al. (1988), where
Caucasians, Northeast Asians, and Ameridians from the Northeurasian
supercluster and the rest of non- Africans form the Southeast Asian
supercluster. One of the major factors that caused the difference between
the two trees is that Cavalli-Sforza et al. used unweighted pair-group
method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) in phylogenetic inference, whereas we
used the NJ method in which evolutionary rate is allowed to vary among
different populations. Bootstrap tests have shown that the UPGMA tree
receives poor statistical support whereas the NJ tree is well supported.
Implications that the phylogenetic tree obtained has on the current
controversy over the out-of-Africa and the multiregional theories of human
origins are discussed.
相似文献
48.
Tim Downing David J. Lynn Sarah Connell Andrew T. Lloyd AK Fazlul Haque Bhuiyan Pradeepa Silva Arifa N. Naqvi Rahamame Sanfo Racine-Samba Sow Baitsi Podisi Cliona O’Farrelly Olivier Hanotte Daniel G. Bradley 《Immunogenetics》2009,61(4):303-314
There have been significant evolutionary pressures on the chicken during both its speciation and its subsequent domestication
by man. Infectious diseases are expected to have exerted strong selective pressures during these processes. Consequently,
it is likely that genes associated with disease susceptibility or resistance have been subject to some form of selection.
Two genes involved in the immune response (interferon-γ and interleukin 1-β) were selected for sequencing in diverse chicken
populations from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Kenya, Senegal, Burkina Faso and Botswana, as well as six outgroup samples
(grey, green, red and Ceylon jungle fowl and grey francolin and bamboo partridge). Haplotype frequencies, tests of neutrality,
summary statistics, coalescent simulations and phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood were used to determine the population
genetic characteristics of the genes. Networks indicate that these chicken genes are most closely related to the red jungle
fowl. Interferon-γ had lower diversity and considerable coding sequence conservation, which is consistent with its function
as a key inflammatory cytokine of the immune response. In contrast, the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 1-β had higher diversity
and showed signals of balancing selection moderated by recombination, yielding high numbers of diverse alleles, possibly reflecting
broader functionality and potential roles in more diseases in different environments.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
49.
Norimah AK H. C. Koo Hamid Jan JM Mohd Nasir MT S. Y. Tan Mahendran Appukutty Nurliyana AR Frank Thielecke Sinead Hopkins M. K. Ong C. Ning E. S. Tee 《PloS one》2015,10(10)